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Academic freedom is currently under pressure. The most obvious cases in Europe are those of Hungary and Poland, where the state interferes directly in core academic issues by chan-ging the laws. More generally, research and teaching are at risk in European democracies. Except in Hungary and Poland, this is not only due to political constraints: society itself seems to have lost its trust in science. Scientific results are declared “fake news” and students and lecturers are not allowed to discuss social, gender or integration issues (keyword: “trigger warning”). Such threats to research and teaching curb scientific autonomy directly and indirectly.
It has long been a commonplace that the European Union forms a community of law and that the principle of “integration through law” is one of its central characteristics. In view of the growing scope and complexity of Union law, which requires ever new adaptations from the Member States, research on the implementation of Union law, which also works empiri-cally, is gaining considerable importance. An international research project conducted at the German Research Institute for Public Administration was dedicated to the implementation and adaptation strategies of selected EU Member States. It investigated the transposition of organisational and procedural requirements for national administrations as laid down in EU directives related to environmental and energy policy. The investigation focused on various modalities of transposition: minimum transposition (“copy out”), the enactment of provisions that create obligations going beyond the requirements of the Directive (“gold-plating”) and the extension of the rules or principles of the Directive to other fields of law (“spill-over”), either by including a subject area not provided for in the Directive in the scope of application of the transposition provisions (spill-over in the narrow sense) or by fundamentally reforming a legal area on the occasion of the Directive (spill-over in the broad sense). The comparative analysis revealed a low degree of strategic use of transposition modalities. However, there is a growing awareness among Member States that they belong not only to a law community, but also to an implementation community. This is not least due to the mechanisms and procedures of intertwining Union and national action.
Il saggio analizza le procedure di selezione utilizzate nell’ordinamento italiano e in quello tedesco, sia nell’ambito dell’accesso al pubblico impiego sia rispetto alle progressioni di carriera. L’analisi comparativa si propone di verificare se le procedure impiegate in Germania per garantire l’affermazione del «principio della selezione dei migliori», le promozioni attuate prevalentemente attingendo al personale interno e il sistema di «federalismo competitivo» rappresentino un modello da imitare, suscettibile di essere traslato nella realtà italiana. Proprio le apparenti distanze fra i due ordinamenti suggeriscono l’opportunità di descriverne e compararne le caratteristiche attraverso la scelta di «coppie dicotomiche», volte a stabilire se i contrasti immanenti alle procedure di selezione siano reali o apparenti oppure se si tratti piuttosto di percorsi diversi, orientati nella stessa direzione.
In the field of public procurement EU law has deeply regulated not only the awarding procedures of public contracts of works, supplies or services (and since 2014 of concession contracts) but also the related review mechanisms. EU directives allow member states to decide upon the identification of the “bodies responsible for review procedures” (breviter “review bodies”) in charge of determining a possible breach of public procurement directives and whether such review bodies should or should not be judicial in character.
The essay focuses on the comparison between the implementation given to those rules by the German law, especially regarding the Vergabekammern (“Public procurement tribunals”), which are non-judicial review bodies in charge of first instance decisions, and by Italian law, where the new pre-litigation advice of ANAC (i.e. Italian Anti-Corruption Authority) has been introduced since 2016, in addition to the traditional judicial remedies, as an optional and ancillary non-judicial remedy.
Die richterliche Unabhängigkeitsgarantie und die Ableitung der Staatsmacht vom Volk gehören zum Kernbereich des modernen Demokratieverständnisses. Sie stehen jedoch auch im gegenseitigen Spannungsverhältnis, wenn es darum geht, die persönliche und fachliche Unabhängigkeit der dritten Gewalt um die institutionelle Selbstverwaltung der Richter zu ergänzen. Diesem Thema ist das Buch von Martin Minkner gewidmet.