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- Lehrstuhl für Sozialrecht und Verwaltungswissenschaft (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Constanze Janda) (3)
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- Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht, insbesondere Europarecht und Völkerrecht (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Weiß) (3)
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Umsetzung und Durchsetzung der EU-Handelspolitik: Neue Entwicklungen der „Open Strategic Autonomy“
(2020)
Die Europäische Kommission legt seit einiger Zeit eine stärkere Betonung auf die Verbesserung der Um- und Durchsetzung der Handelsregeln. Aktuell zeichnet sich dies in einer Fülle von Vorhaben und Initiativen ab, die sich auch in die projektierte Erneuerung der Handelspolitik unter dem Leitbild der „offenen strategischen Autonomie“ einfügen. Der Beitrag untersucht die neuen Entwicklungen auf institutioneller, prätorischer und legislativer Ebene.
Der Straßengüterverkehr ist das Rückgrat des Warenaustauschs im Europäischen Binnen-markt, denn der überwiegende Teil der in Europa gehandelten Waren wird allen politischen Bekenntnissen zur Verlagerung auf die Schiene zum Trotz nach wie vor per Lkw transportiert. In dieser Branche kommt es jedoch, auch angesichts des starken Wachstums der letzten Jahre, zunehmend zu Verwerfungen. Vordergründig wird über das Problem des Fahrerman-gels diskutiert, der sich nicht nur in Westeuropa, sondern mittlerweile sogar in den osteuro-päischen Staaten bemerkbar macht. Im Hintergrund stellt sich aber die Frage, ob die Prinzi-pien des Binnenmarkts - insbesondere die Dienstleistungsfreiheit - und die Wettbewerbs-situation auf den nationalen Transportmärkten noch kompatibel sind.
The article presents legal (constitutional) aspects of the emergency situation concerning the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic.
National immigration policies increasingly meet with fierce political resistance from lower levels of government, in particular municipalities. Amongst industrialized countries, the USA and Germany are probably the most extreme examples. In the USA, a growing numbers of subnational entities, including some of the country’s largest cities, openly refuse to cooperate with federal immigration authorities. In retaliation, the Trump administrations has threatened several of these so-called ‘sanctuary cities’ to claim back past and to withdraw further federal funding from a number of jointly funded programs. Several court cases in this matter are pending. In stark contrast, an increasing number of German municipalities – labelled by the author as ‘non-sanctuary cities’ - have sought from their respective state governments a formal limitation of migration inflows into their territory, citing an overload on critical local administrative and not least housing resources. This paper contributes to the pertinent literature on multi-level governance in the area of immigration, first, by applying the economic theory of fiscal federalism to identify the theoretically appropriate level of government for defining and enforcing immigration policy. Second, the phenomenon of ‘sanctuary cities’ vs. ‘non-sanctuary cities’ and their potential impact on the design and enforcement of national immigration policies will be analyzed.
In the judgment of 24 June 2019, Commission v. Poland (Independence of the Supreme Court), C-619/18, EU:C:2019:531, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled on the retirement of Polish Supreme Court judges, declaring that the mechanism of arbitrary lowering the retirement age was not compatible with the European Union law. This commentary analyses the latest changes in the Polish judicial system and the CJEU's arguments. The study is focused in the change in European case-law and the development of instruments available to the EU institutions for monitoring judicial independence. The paper discusses also the elements of the judicial independence indicated by CJEU and the rules on the retirement of judges.
The purpose of this article is the general vision of judicial independence in the EU and its defence mechanisms. The article analyses the ways of the protection of this principle, as well as its development and substantial content in the context of the recent CJEU jurisprudence on the status of the judiciary in Poland. The first part of the article explains the techniques (of a political and legal nature) to guarantee judicial independence in the EU. The objective is to demonstrate how the procedure based on the Article 7 TEU, as well as the preliminary rulings (Article 267 TFEU) and infringement procedures (Article 258 TFEU) increment the enforceability of judicial independence. In the second part the article develops the concept of judicial independence and the detailed guarantees in this field, including rules for judicial appointments, the retirement regime, disciplinary responsibility and remuneration.
Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) is already being employed to make critical legal decisions in many countries all over the world. The use of AI in decision-making is a widely debated issue due to allegations of bias, opacity, and lack of accountability. For many, algorithmic decision-making seems obscure, inscrutable, or virtually dystopic. Like in Kafka’s The Trial, the decision-makers are anonymous and cannot be challenged in a discursive manner. This article addresses the question of how AI technology can be used for legal decisionmaking and decision-support without appearing Kafkaesque.
First, two types of machine learning algorithms are outlined: both Decision Trees and Artificial Neural Networks are commonly used in decision-making software. The real-world use of those technologies is shown on a few examples. Three types of use-cases are identified, depending on how directly humans are influenced by the decision. To establish criteria for evaluating the use of AI in decision-making, machine ethics, the theory of procedural justice, the rule of law, and the principles of due process are consulted. Subsequently, transparency, fairness, accountability, the right to be heard and the right to notice, as well as dignity and respect are discussed. Furthermore, possible safeguards and potential solutions to tackle existing problems are presented. In conclusion, AI rendering decisions on humans does not have to be Kafkaesque. Many solutions and approaches offer possibilities to not only ameliorate the downsides of current AI technologies, but to enrich and enhance the legal system.
Par trois arrêts récents, la grande chambre de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme précise les exigences et limites de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme dans le domaine migratoire.
L’interaction et la complémentarité entre la Convention et le droit de l’Union dans ce domaine sont à la fois matérielles et procédurales.
Une approche globale est requise, car les juges nationaux des États membres sont tenus d’appliquer le droit de l’Union dans le respect de la Convention.