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Städte, Gemeinden und Landkreise haben in der COVID-19-Pandemie einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Bewältigung der Krise geleistet. Zugleich wurde noch einmal offensichtlich, wie krisenanfällig und wenig resilient die kommunalen Finanzen und damit wie abhängig die Kommunen von Zuweisungen von Bund und Ländern sind, um ihre Aufgaben vor Ort verantwortlich zu erfüllen. Dabei wurden auch die durch Corona forcierten fiskalisch aufwendigen Herausforderungen für die Sanierung der Innenstädte/Ortskerne und bei der Digitalisierung der Kommunalverwaltungen einbezogen. Das vorliegende Positionspapier eines Anfang 2021 eingesetzten Ad-hoc-Arbeitskreises der ARL setzt sich mit den durch die Pandemie offenbarten strukturellen Defiziten der kommunalen Finanzausstattung auseinander und legt Reformvorschläge vor, wie eine für die kommunalen Aufgaben auskömmliche, die Selbstverantwortung stärkende und krisenfeste(re) Finanzierung der kommunalen Haushalte gestaltet werden sollte.
Härte zeigen
(2021)
Electoral disinformation has become one of the most challenging problems for democratic states. All of them are facing the phenomenon of - both online and offline - dissemination of false information during pre-electoral period, which is harmful for individual and collective rights. As a consequence, some European countries adopted special measures, including summary judicial proceedings in order to declare that information or materials used in elec-tioneering are false and to prohibit its further dissemination. There are already three rulings of the ECtHR concerning this expeditious judicial examination provided in the Polish law. In December 2018 France passed complex regulation against manipulation of information that include similar mechanisms. This article, basing on the ECtHR’s case law and some national experiences, attempts to define the minimal European standard for measures targeted at electoral disinformation, especially judicial summary proceeding. It contains the analysis of the notion of electoral disinformation, defines the state’s positive obligations in this sphere, and indicates mayor challenges for the legal framework. The principal argument is that summary judicial proceedings – if adequately designed – cannot be questioned from the Convention standpoint and provide a partial solution to the problem of electoral dis-information.
It has long been a commonplace that the European Union forms a community of law and that the principle of “integration through law” is one of its central characteristics. In view of the growing scope and complexity of Union law, which requires ever new adaptations from the Member States, research on the implementation of Union law, which also works empiri-cally, is gaining considerable importance. An international research project conducted at the German Research Institute for Public Administration was dedicated to the implementation and adaptation strategies of selected EU Member States. It investigated the transposition of organisational and procedural requirements for national administrations as laid down in EU directives related to environmental and energy policy. The investigation focused on various modalities of transposition: minimum transposition (“copy out”), the enactment of provisions that create obligations going beyond the requirements of the Directive (“gold-plating”) and the extension of the rules or principles of the Directive to other fields of law (“spill-over”), either by including a subject area not provided for in the Directive in the scope of application of the transposition provisions (spill-over in the narrow sense) or by fundamentally reforming a legal area on the occasion of the Directive (spill-over in the broad sense). The comparative analysis revealed a low degree of strategic use of transposition modalities. However, there is a growing awareness among Member States that they belong not only to a law community, but also to an implementation community. This is not least due to the mechanisms and procedures of intertwining Union and national action.