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In the case, Brzeziński v. Poland, the European Court of Human Rights for the third time addressed the issue of the summary electoral proceedings in the Polish legal system. The last judgement is an excellent opportunity to examine if the provisions of the electoral law concerning these proceedings are well designed and correctly interpreted by the Polish courts. There is no doubt that free elections and freedom of expression together form the bedrock of any democratic system. The two rights are inter-related and operate to reinforce each other. For this reason, it is particularly important in the period preceding an election that opinions and information of all kinds are permitted to circulate freely. On the other hand, national authorities are legitimised to create special proceedings in order to ensure the proper conduct of the electoral campaign by preventing the dissemination of false information. As a consequence, it is possible to verify factual statements contained in the materials pertaining to an electoral campaign. Special proceedings should not apply to the value judgements. If such comments and opinions infringe the candidate’s personal rights, he or she may seek redress under the general rules of protection of individual rights.
This contribution focuses on the analysis of the strategies adopted in Germany against the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis is divided into two main issues represented by the virological containment of the pandemic on the one hand, and by the effort to stem the economic consequences of the containment measures on the other. This emergency has shown to be a real stress test for Germany, putting a strain on the federal division of competences, the democratic institutions as well as the protection of fundamental rights as a qualifying element of the rule of law.
La gestione dell’emergenza pandemica in Germania è una sfida che mette alla prova il sistema democratico e federale, rivelandone i punti di forza e di debolezza.
Nel complesso, la risposta tedesca all’emergenza è stata gestita secondo i principi dello Stato di diritto e nel rispetto delle dinamiche del federalismo, con una pari attenzione sia alla prevenzione della diffusione del virus, sia ai danni al sistema economico dovuti alle misure anticontagio, accompagnando da subito le restrizioni a misure di sostegno. Il governo federale ha svolto un ruolo di coordinamento politico, rispettando il riparto delle costituzionale delle competenze legislative e amministrative, che vede i Länder protagonisti della gestione in concreto dell’emergenza sanitaria.
Le pesanti limitazioni dei diritti fondamentali dovute alle misure di contrasto hanno sollevato un acceso dibattito e sono state oggetto di un attento controllo giurisdizionale.
Onderaanneming
(2020)
This note aims to provide a short critical assessment of the regulation of supply chain in EU procurement (in Dutch).
Proportionaliteit
(2020)
This note aims to provide a short critical definition of the principle of proportionality as it is used in the EU procurement (in Dutch).
This note aims to provide a critical defintion of "sustancial changes" in the sense of the EU 2014/24 Directive on public procurement. (in Dutch)