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La crisi legata alla diffusione globale del virus SARS-Covid 19, dopo aver imposto agli Stati europei di impiegare strumenti emergenziali per rispondere alla prima fase della pandemia, sta ora richiedendo l’adozione di riforme amministrative strutturali che possano permettere l’effettiva realizzazione dei progetti contenuti nei Piani Nazionali di Ripresa e Resilienza e finanziati attraverso il Recovery fund europeo.
I sistemi amministrativi nazionali si trovano, quindi, di fronte ad una nuova fase di profondo mutamento nella cornice delineata dalle istituzioni europee e dovranno affrontare nei prossimi anni trasformazioni necessarie per permettere la ripresa del sistema economico.
L’analisi dei diversi Piani di ripresa mostra come i diversi Paesi abbiano previsto interventi e azioni solo in parte simili. In alcuni casi, le riforme previste rappresentano la realizzazione di progetti già in corso, avviati durante il 2020 oppure già in fase di realizzazione. In altri casi, invece, si tratta di riforme del tutto nuove che sono state previste per la prima volta.
The essay examines changes in German law on administrative procedure recently introduced to address the challenge of digitization. This reform was undertaken in the framework of the very complex German legal system, which has federal structure, as well as the so-called “three pillars” of general administrative, financial and social security procedures, and a tradition of homogeneous development. The article also investigates the links between administrative procedural law and the legislation on e-government, as well as the problem of the poor interoperability of the IT systems of the various levels of government (Federation, Länder and Municipalities), that the (federal) law on online access to public services proposes to solve. Finally, the potential and limits of digitization of administrative procedure are examined, distinguishing binding and routine measures (easily automated) from the new frontiers of artificial intelligence.
Universities in Germany and other countries have recently undergone comprehensive reforms: they are expected to contribute to social development through exchange with external actors. These exchanges are commonly termed “third mission”. In this context knowledge and technology transfer can prove to be particularly critical to academic freedom, because market logic and economically rational behaviour may lead to goals in conflict with the institutional logic of scientific communities.
Seit seiner Einführung im Jahre 1970 erweist sich in Italien das abrogative Referendum als starker Reformmotor. Insbesondere nach der Schmiergeldaffäre (Tangentopoli) in den 1990er Jahren wurde in großem Ausmaß auf dieses direktdemokratische Instrument u.a. hinsichtlich des Parlamentswahlrechts zurückgegriffen. Anschließend sank nach einer Phase der intensiven Nutzung mit zunehmender Häufigkeit und Zahl von Abstimmungsvorlagen die Beteiligung, was die meisten Volksabstimmungen zum Scheitern verurteilte.
Parallel zu dieser Entwicklung hat der Verfassungsgerichtshof in ständiger Rechtsprechung eine proaktive Rolle eingenommen und ungeschriebene Regeln für die Zulässigkeit von Referenden festgelegt. Insbesondere beim abrogativen Referendum über Wahlgesetze hat sich der italienische Verfassungsgerichtshof (Corte Costituzionale) – zuletzt Anfang 2020 – entschieden gegen die Nutzung dieses direktdemokratischen Instruments zur Manipulierung von Wahlgesetzen ausgesprochen.