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This contribution investigates the German response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis highlights the measures taken by the German government in cooperation with subnational units to mitigate the spread of infections, as well as the efforts made to stem the economic consequences of the containment measures. The emergency situation turned out to be a real stress test for the German legal system, and a serious challenge for democratic institutions
Covid-19 Response in Germany
(2021)
This chapter focuses on the German reaction to the Covid-19 pandemic, in relation to the employment of both the funds from the NGEU and the internal funds. The Deutscher Auf-bau- und Resilienzplan (DARP) is a national recovery and resilience plan that is undoubtedly small, as it uses few resources when compared to the rest of Europe. Nevertheless, Germany has undergone a Copernican revolution both in its domestic economic policies, in which an investment package has been approved that violates the balanced budget, and in its relation-ship with European policies, which have seen resources injected to achieve ambitious reform goals.
La crisi legata alla diffusione globale del virus SARS-Covid 19, dopo aver imposto agli Stati europei di impiegare strumenti emergenziali per rispondere alla prima fase della pandemia, sta ora richiedendo l’adozione di riforme amministrative strutturali che possano permettere l’effettiva realizzazione dei progetti contenuti nei Piani Nazionali di Ripresa e Resilienza e finanziati attraverso il Recovery fund europeo.
I sistemi amministrativi nazionali si trovano, quindi, di fronte ad una nuova fase di profondo mutamento nella cornice delineata dalle istituzioni europee e dovranno affrontare nei prossimi anni trasformazioni necessarie per permettere la ripresa del sistema economico.
L’analisi dei diversi Piani di ripresa mostra come i diversi Paesi abbiano previsto interventi e azioni solo in parte simili. In alcuni casi, le riforme previste rappresentano la realizzazione di progetti già in corso, avviati durante il 2020 oppure già in fase di realizzazione. In altri casi, invece, si tratta di riforme del tutto nuove che sono state previste per la prima volta.
The article analyses the fully digitalized administrative procedures introduced by the reform of the General Administrative Procedures Act (Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz – VwVfG) of 2017. This act is not an all-encompassing codification since the presence of several administrative procedures in the German legal system is dependent upon two factors: Germany’s federal structure, and its so-called "three columns system" comprising the General Administrative Procedures Act, tax procedure law and social law.
However, the legislator is committed to ensuring the uniformity of administrative procedure rules in every code in order to make their interpretation and use easier for administrations and judges. Following changes in tax law, a generalized introduction of robotic measures generated by algorithms was inaugurated in 2017, as it had become clear that mass procedures in tax law administration were particularly suitable for digitization.
In the field of public procurement EU law has deeply regulated not only the awarding procedures of public contracts of works, supplies or services (and since 2014 of concession contracts) but also the related review mechanisms. EU directives allow member states to decide upon the identification of the “bodies responsible for review procedures” (breviter “review bodies”) in charge of determining a possible breach of public procurement directives and whether such review bodies should or should not be judicial in character.
The essay focuses on the comparison between the implementation given to those rules by the German law, especially regarding the Vergabekammern (“Public procurement tribunals”), which are non-judicial review bodies in charge of first instance decisions, and by Italian law, where the new pre-litigation advice of ANAC (i.e. Italian Anti-Corruption Authority) has been introduced since 2016, in addition to the traditional judicial remedies, as an optional and ancillary non-judicial remedy.