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The contribution investigates the impact of COVID-19 on long overdue reforms of German healthcare. The pandemic revealed some major shortcomings in patient care and elicited calls for new legislative solutions, more effective use of resources and a reduction of hospital expenditure.
The proposals discussed here clash with the “stability” which is a major feature of the German legal system.
This contribution investigates the German response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis highlights the measures taken by the German government in cooperation with subnational units to mitigate the spread of infections, as well as the efforts made to stem the economic consequences of the containment measures. The emergency situation turned out to be a real stress test for the German legal system, and a serious challenge for democratic institutions
Il saggio analizza le procedure di selezione utilizzate nell’ordinamento italiano e in quello tedesco, sia nell’ambito dell’accesso al pubblico impiego sia rispetto alle progressioni di carriera. L’analisi comparativa si propone di verificare se le procedure impiegate in Germania per garantire l’affermazione del «principio della selezione dei migliori», le promozioni attuate prevalentemente attingendo al personale interno e il sistema di «federalismo competitivo» rappresentino un modello da imitare, suscettibile di essere traslato nella realtà italiana. Proprio le apparenti distanze fra i due ordinamenti suggeriscono l’opportunità di descriverne e compararne le caratteristiche attraverso la scelta di «coppie dicotomiche», volte a stabilire se i contrasti immanenti alle procedure di selezione siano reali o apparenti oppure se si tratti piuttosto di percorsi diversi, orientati nella stessa direzione.
La Resilienza ai Cambiamenti Climatici Nella Gestione Del Territorio: Uno Sguardo al Sistema Tedesco
(2021)
Il saggio pone in risalto le misure adottate in Germania nell’ambito della strategia di prevenzione di eventi calamitosi legati ai fattori climatici. L’analisi illustra le modifiche introdotte nella legislazione urbanistica allo scopo di contrastare i cambiamenti climaticie, viceversa, migliorare la resilienza a tale fenomeno.
The article analyses the fully digitalized administrative procedures introduced by the reform of the General Administrative Procedures Act (Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz – VwVfG) of 2017. This act is not an all-encompassing codification since the presence of several administrative procedures in the German legal system is dependent upon two factors: Germany’s federal structure, and its so-called "three columns system" comprising the General Administrative Procedures Act, tax procedure law and social law.
However, the legislator is committed to ensuring the uniformity of administrative procedure rules in every code in order to make their interpretation and use easier for administrations and judges. Following changes in tax law, a generalized introduction of robotic measures generated by algorithms was inaugurated in 2017, as it had become clear that mass procedures in tax law administration were particularly suitable for digitization.
This contribution focuses on the analysis of the strategies adopted in Germany against the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis is divided into two main issues represented by the virological containment of the pandemic on the one hand, and by the effort to stem the economic consequences of the containment measures on the other. This emergency has shown to be a real stress test for Germany, putting a strain on the federal division of competences, the democratic institutions as well as the protection of fundamental rights as a qualifying element of the rule of law.
La gestione dell’emergenza pandemica in Germania è una sfida che mette alla prova il sistema democratico e federale, rivelandone i punti di forza e di debolezza.
Nel complesso, la risposta tedesca all’emergenza è stata gestita secondo i principi dello Stato di diritto e nel rispetto delle dinamiche del federalismo, con una pari attenzione sia alla prevenzione della diffusione del virus, sia ai danni al sistema economico dovuti alle misure anticontagio, accompagnando da subito le restrizioni a misure di sostegno. Il governo federale ha svolto un ruolo di coordinamento politico, rispettando il riparto delle costituzionale delle competenze legislative e amministrative, che vede i Länder protagonisti della gestione in concreto dell’emergenza sanitaria.
Le pesanti limitazioni dei diritti fondamentali dovute alle misure di contrasto hanno sollevato un acceso dibattito e sono state oggetto di un attento controllo giurisdizionale.
The paper deals with the Föderalismusreform III, focusing in particular on the amendments of the financial constitution (‘Finanzverfassung’) and on the changes in the Finanzausgleich that will be effective from 2020 onwards. Insofar the system of revenue distribution across and within the different layers of government (Finanzausgleich) has been one of the most controversial issue with reference to Bund-Länder financial relations and it is not by chance that the reform approved in July 2017 has substantially revised this system. Not only the horizontal equalization scheme (Länderfinanzausgleich) will expire by the end of 2019, but the VAT distribution among the Länder will be done according to new criteria, showing a strong redistributive impact. In discussing the main features of the new system to come, the paper investigates the pros and cons of the reform, evaluating the impact on federal dynamics.
In the field of public procurement EU law has deeply regulated not only the awarding procedures of public contracts of works, supplies or services (and since 2014 of concession contracts) but also the related review mechanisms. EU directives allow member states to decide upon the identification of the “bodies responsible for review procedures” (breviter “review bodies”) in charge of determining a possible breach of public procurement directives and whether such review bodies should or should not be judicial in character.
The essay focuses on the comparison between the implementation given to those rules by the German law, especially regarding the Vergabekammern (“Public procurement tribunals”), which are non-judicial review bodies in charge of first instance decisions, and by Italian law, where the new pre-litigation advice of ANAC (i.e. Italian Anti-Corruption Authority) has been introduced since 2016, in addition to the traditional judicial remedies, as an optional and ancillary non-judicial remedy.