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Institute
- Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht, insbesondere Europarecht und Völkerrecht (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Weiß) (9)
- Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht, insbesondere deutsches und europäisches Verwaltungsrecht (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ulrich Stelkens) (5)
- Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht, Staatslehre und Rechtsvergleichung (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Karl-Peter Sommermann) (4)
- Lehrstuhl für Sozialrecht und Verwaltungswissenschaft (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Constanze Janda) (3)
- Lehrstuhl für Politikwissenschaft (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stephan Grohs) (2)
- Lehrstuhl für Volkswirtschaftslehre, insbesondere Wirtschafts- und Verkehrspolitik (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Andreas Knorr) (2)
- Lehrstuhl für vergleichende Verwaltungswissenschaft und Policy-Analyse (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Michael Bauer) (2)
- Lehrstuhl für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsmanagement (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Michael Hölscher) (1)
- Lehrstuhl für Verwaltungswissenschaft, Staatsrecht, Verwaltungsrecht und Europarecht (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Mario Martini) (1)
§ 9 Arzneimittelrecht
(2020)
Nordkorea ist eine der letzten verbliebenen Zentralverwaltungswirtschaften der Welt. Das Regime überstand selbst den wirtschaftlichen und politischen Kollaps der Sowjetunion – seines damaligen Haupthandelspartners - nicht nur politisch unbeschadet, sondern auch, zumindest offiziell, ohne grundlegende Änderungen am bestehenden Wirtschaftssystem - wenn auch um den Preis eines schweren Anpassungsschocks, der sich Mitte der 1990er auch in einer schweren Hungersnot manifestierte. Außenpolitisch befindet sich das Land seit Ende des Koreakrieges (1950-1953) offiziell noch immer im Kriegszustand mit Südkorea. Abgeschlossen wurde am 27. Juli 1953 vom Chinese-North Korea Command (der Korea-nischen Volksarmee und der Freiwilligenarmee des Chinesischen Volkes) und dem United Nations Command (der multinationalen Militärstreitmacht unter Führung der USA, die im Koreakrieg auf Seiten Südkoreas kämpfte) lediglich ein Waffenstillstandsabkommen als Zwischenschritt zu einer noch immer nicht erreichten abschließenden Friedensvereinbarung. Mit Beginn des Koreakriegs am 25. Juni 1950 wurde Nordkorea wirtschaftlichen Sanktionen unterworfen, die seither nicht aufgehoben wurden. Das damals von den USA verhängte Handelsembargo wurde nach dem Ausstieg Nordkoreas aus dem Atomwaffensperrvertrag im Januar 2003 und der (offiziellen) Aufnahme eines eigenen Nuklearwaffenprogramms durch mehrere Resolutionen des Sicherheitsrates der Vereinten Nationen zwischen 2006 und 2017 erheblich ausgeweitet. In den letzten beiden Jahren ließ sich jedoch gewisse politische Annäherung zwischen Nord- und Südkorea beobachten, die nicht zuletzt auf die Bereitschaft Donald Trumps zurückzuführen ist, als erster US-amerikanischer Präsident ein Gipfeltreffen mit einem Staatsoberhaupt Nordkoreas zu absolvieren, das am 12. Juni 2018 in Singapur stattfand; ein Folgegipfel wird derzeit auf höchster diplomatischer Ebene vorbereitet. Zugleich haben sich die offiziellen Kontakte zwischen den Staatsoberhäuptern Nordkoreas und Südkoreas deutlich intensiviert. Sichtbare Ergebnisse waren deren gemeinsame Panmunjom-Erklärung vom 27. April 2018 sowie die gemeinsame Erklärung von Pjöngjang vom 19. September 2018. In beiden Dokumenten wurde neben der Entnuklearisierung der koreanischen Halbinsel, der Aufstellung gesamtkoreanischer Mannschaften bei wichtigen internationalen Sportwettbewerben und der gemeinsamen Bewerbung um die Sommer-olympiade 2032 auch der Ausbau der wirtschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit vereinbart. Demgegenüber scheinen sich die wirtschaftliche und humanitäre Lage Nordkoreas kontinuierlich weiter zu verschlechtern. So warnte die Regierung im Februar 2019 die Vereinten Nationen vor einer anstehenden Hungersnot und erklärte, dass dem Land 1,4 Millionen Tonnen Nahrungsmittel benötige. Zugleich wurden die der Bevölkerung zugeteilten Essensrationen von 550 Gramm pro Tag auf nur mehr 300 Gramm nahezu halbiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich die vorliegende Abhandlung dem Wirtschaftssystem und der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung Nordkoreas.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung oder Wirtschaftswachstum einerseits und der Existenz von bestimmten Institutionen – insbesondere „gute Regierungs-führung“ im Sinne demokratischer Strukturen oder Prozesse, aber auch entsprechend eines erweiterten Governancebegriffs – andererseits wird in der einschlägigen Literatur seit langem diskutiert. Theoretisch wie auch empirisch lassen sich hier sowohl Zusammenhänge als auch kausale Abhängigkeiten begründen; die Annahme hinter allen Modellen ist die Hauptannahme der Institutionenökonomik seit ihren Anfängen: Institutions matter! Gleichwohl sind Art und Umfang des Einflusses von Regierungs- und Governancequalität auf Wachstum und Entwicklung nicht unumstritten und teilweise empirisch schwächer als theoretisch ableitbar. Dies gilt umso mehr mit Blick auf weniger trennscharf zu erfassende informelle Institutionen oder in Fällen, wo einzelne institutionelle Dimensionen nicht kohärent sind. Darüber hinaus ist die einschlägige Literatur auch gekennzeichnet von der Diskussion über Daten, Indikatoren und methodische Schwierigkeiten.
Der vorliegende Beitrag trägt zu dieser Debatte um die Rolle von Institutionen in zweierlei Hinsicht bei: Zum einen erfolgt eine kritische Reflexion des Institutionenbegriffs sowie eine Analyse bestehender empirischer Arbeiten zum Thema, in welcher schwerpunktmäßig die Frage nach der Tauglichkeit der verwandten Indikatoren sowie inhaltliche wie methodische Inkonsistenzen der (empirischen) Literatur diskutiert werden. Anschließend erfolgt mit der Diskussion kultureller Faktoren als Komplement oder Substitut „traditionell“ definierter Institutionen eine bescheidene Erweiterung der Literatur. Das Hauptargument ist an dieser Stelle, dass weniger die formellen und beobachtbaren Institutionen relevant sein könnten, sondern deren kulturelle Basis, die in verschiedenen Dimensionen als „funktionales Äquivalent“ wirkt.
The market for voluntary carbon offsets, i.e. those outside the strictly regulated Kyoto framework for tradable carbon emission permits, is growing with a vengeance. With only six such organisations in the business in 2000, their number has virtually skyrocketed to more than 232 commercial as well as not-for-profit outfits today – the vast majority of which entered the trade only after 2005. This trend has not eluded the world of commercial aviation. By contrast, starting in the early millennium years, voluntary carbon-offsetting schemes were appeared to have become a serious concern for the top management of some of the world’s leading airlines. Carriers as diverse as Air Canada, British Airways, Ethiopian Airways, Qantas (incl. its subsidiaries QantasLink and Jetstar), Continental, Cathay Pacific, Japan Air Lines, Air France/KLM, the SAS Group, EasyJet and Virgin Blue, to name just a few, then began to actively encourage their passengers to pay for the ‘neutralising’ services of select carbon offset providers on top of the ticket price whenever they book a flight. Finally, also some large online travel agencies such as Expedia and Travelocity as well as leading car rental companies (AVIS) opted to invite their customers to purchase carbon offsets. However, as this chapter will demonstrate, both the economic efficiency and ecological effectives of voluntary carbon offsetting as a tool to address the challenge of climate change appear very limited.
Mixed agreements have been a preferred form of entering into international treaties chosen by the EU and its Member States, despite the complexities their usage implies. Recent attempts of the EU institutions to prefer the conclusion of EU only agreements to mixed agreements, as a consequence of the broad interpretation of EU exclusive trade competences by the CJEU in Opinion 2/15 are motivated by the hope for increased efficiency in EU treaty making. They, however, provoke criticism with regard to democratic legitimacy and the EU principle of conferral, which constrain the EU to adopt only those legal acts for which it is competent. As this criticism is particularly strong in Germany and led to constitutional challenges of EU only acts, the present contribution will explain the treatment of mixed agreements in the constitutional order of Germany and explore the constitutional challenges that EU only agreements pose to the German constitutional order. This discussion will thus show the German legal order’s continued preference for mixed agreements, in view of the jurisprudence of the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC). Those constitutional challenges are particularly topical in view of the most recent case law of the CJEU that stressed the political leeway of the EU Council to choose, when it comes to the negotiation and conclusion of EU agreements based on shard competences, between either an EU only agreement or a mixed agreement. This political leeway turns mixity into a facultative endeavour in the hands of the Council. Under the constitutional perceptions of the FCC, such type of facultative mixity meets with considerable constitutional concerns because it replaces what was formerly held obligatory mixity.
Algorithms have a profound and growing influence on our lives, but partially remain a black box to us. Keeping the risks that arise from rule-based and learning systems in check is a challenging task for both: society and the legal system. The essay undertakes the challenge to examine existing and adaptable legal solutions and to complement them with further proposals. It designs a regulatory model in four steps along the time axis: preventive regulation instruments, accompanying risk management, ex post facto protection and the vision of an algorithmic responsibility code. Together, they form a legislative blueprint to further regulate applications of artificial intelligence.
Rechtsvergleichung
(2020)
This contribution examines how checks and balances can be organised so that individual freedoms of users in the digital space are protected from encroachment by platforms. Indeed, platforms are quasi-states which enjoy legislative, judiciary and executive powers. This merging of functions in the hands of one single entity illustrates the failure of the liberal attempt at setting up a cyberspace free of sovereign power: platforms are the new sovereign. Modern thinkers like Foucault and Habermas have examined how sovereigns in the past have seen their powers curtailed and the role that the birth of two distinct spheres, one public and one private, has played in this process. Traditional public economic law builds on this public-private dichotomy, leaving little room to conceptualize hybrids. Yet this paper shows that platforms are such hybrids. Building on an analysis of the activities taking places on platforms, as well as the rights at stake in platform governance, it finds that platforms’ immaterial locus is both political and economic, bundling public and private powers. Hence, this paper puts forward the idea that public economic law should seek to develop mirroring hybrid counter-powers: civil society especially should be conceptualized in the digital space, with its rights, duties and responsibilities, to foster balanced relationships between the various actors on platforms.
The Covid-19 pandemic constitutes a veritable capacity test for local administrations in Germany and Austria. Based on a survey among systematically sampled Austrian (n=130) and German (n=517) employees of local public administrations, the article taps into the perceptions of how the bureaucracies in the two federal states coped with the challenges emerging at the early stage of the crisis. As it turns out, in the administratively well-equipped and—in comparison to disastrous situations elsewhere—mildly hit countries, local administrations did fine—even growing beyond themselves. Key to a higher probability of coping well with Covid-19 appears to be an intelligent administrative networking strategy. Five tentative lessons are drawn on what—at this early stage—can only constitute an incomplete picture taken from a fluid context.
The article presents a project on "Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration" funded by the German Research Foundation and its first results. This project is about the work of the Council of Europe in the realm of administrative law and its impact on the administrative law of its Member States.
The introduction will describe the constant evolving global political context correlated to the events occurring, specifically, in the trade environment and the unprecedented challenges they pose for the EU Trade Policy. These identified and introduced challenges will be addressed in detail in the following book chapters. It will also introduce the reader to the individual contributions of the book and briefly present and anticipate the results attained.
After the invocation of security exceptions became more common, the first panel report ever on how to apply them has recently been issued in the Russia – Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit case. While this panel addressed the application of the security exception in a situation of threat to international peace and security, the question must be raised whether its approach also applies to the invocation of security exceptions for economic reasons. In this context, the present chapter focuses on the methodical preliminaries to applying security exceptions: Its application in WTO dispute settlement does not only prompt the question of the jurisdiction of WTO panels and the Appellate Body, but also pertains to the issues of standard of proof and standard of review. A related methodical issue concerns the feasibility of the expansive interpretive approach applied to the general exceptions to the security exception. Reading it in the same tune runs the risk of nullifying the concept of multilateral trade regulation altogether, even more so as the security exceptions miss the usual safeguard against abuse, i.e. the requirements of the general exceptions´ chapeau. The lack of such safety valve confirms that security exceptions are of a different character compared to other exceptions. This difference, however, may be difficult to maintain if security exceptions are also used to defend economic security interests. Finally, the application of security exceptions may - as debated with regard to other WTO exceptions - be subject to an inherent limitation against exterritorial application, which would restrain its scope of application in cases in which security measures against a third country intend to affect also the trade of WTO members, and could become relevant in assessing US sanctions against Iran.
Frido Wagener (1926-1985)
(2020)
This chapter identifies the most pressing challenges for the EU multilaterally oriented trade policy due to the changing global context for international trade and investment, caused by the shift of the US towards unilateralism and protectionism and by the re-orientation of China´s exceptionalism towards becoming a more influential actor. It explores and assesses how EU trade policy copes with the new polarities and finally formulates proposals for the way forward for the EU multilateral trade policy. It will be shown that the current challenges are more fundamental in character and may last longer than currently anticipated. It will also highlight that maintaining unity in the EU determination of trade policy is of pivotal importance for addressing the challenges, which however might become more difficult.
The article focuses on the legal aspects of intergenerational solidarity in the German statutory pension system. Organised on a pay-as-you-go basis, it relies on a balance of those obliged to pay contributions vs. those who receive benefits. The footing of this system, however, becomes fragile in times of rising life expectancy and declining birth rates: fewer employees will have to finance the pension rights of a growing number of pensioners. These developments do not only lead to lower acceptance of the “intergenerational contract” by the economically active who have to invest a large share of their income in the financing of current pensions while facing the risk of receiving low payments in the future. It also raises questions of intergenerational justice.
Elektronische Gesetzgebung
(2020)
Elektronische Gesetzgebung bezeichnet ein durchgängig elektronisches Verfahren vom Textentwurf bis zur Verkündung eines Gesetzes, das Format- und Medienbrüche vermeiden und sowohl den Aufwand als auch die Fehleranfälligkeit einzelner Prozessschritte verringern soll. Sie kann – abhängig von ihrer konkreten Ausgestaltung und ihrer Akzeptanz durch die am Verfahren beteiligten Akteure – zu einer Verbesserung der Qualität der Gesetzgebung beitragen.
E-Leadership
(2020)
Each crisis is dreadful in its own special way, and so is the COVID-19 pandemic. Beyond its lethal nature and truly global spread, one of its characteristics lies within the detachment of cause and effect. The cause, i.e. SARS-CoV-2, can clearly be attributed to health issues, though the COVID-19 pandemic challenges entire public administration (PA) systems well beyond the health sector. Both the lockdown as executed and the first careful exit-steps in their entire complexity increase scope and scale of PA’s tasks and responsibilities, challenging not only health authorities, but all parts of the administrative system, from security administration to public service delivery, with the entire world remaining in very turbulent water. Thus, the question arises how the PA should react to ensure high performance in times of crisis. Our findings underpin the relevance of trust in public administration (or “the government” in general), notably in times of crisis: the higher trust levels are, the more likely compliance of citizens and successful networking with non-state actors is. Even in the absence of many trust generating factors, trust levels are increasing in the current COVID-19 pandemic.