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This chapter analyses interrelations between the freedom of expression and the right to free election in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights.
The notion of civil service in Europe: establishing an analytical framework for comparative study
(2021)
Comparative study of the employment regimes of public officials in European countries requires an appropriate analytical framework, including definitions. This blog entry explores the meaning and scope of terms “civil service” and “civil servant”. It argues that a civil servant is an employee of the executive power, who has special duties and responsibilities, and should often meet specific requirements.
Wolność wypowiedzi w Internecie: O roli mediów społecznościowych i pozytywnych obowiązkach państwa
(2022)
Modern online communication processes are characterized by the growing role of private entities (social media) and the emergence of numerous conflicts of a horizontal nature. This paper examines these issues from the standpoint of the ECtHR’s theory of positive obliga-tions. Consequently, it analyses the impact of new technologies on the freedom of expres-sion, the paradigm shift in communication, and the State’s positive obligations to prevent horizontal abuses. The article also analyses the existing and planned legal framework (national and EU). The main argument of this article is that public control over social media should be strengthened. Limiting their discretion to ensure adequate protection of rights and freedoms does not mean, however, the freedom of forum, understood as an unlimited right of access to the platform in order to express opinions.
The article presents the judgment of the Polish Constitutional Court of 10 March 2022
(K 7/21). In this judgment, the Court questioned the constitutionality of the art. 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, one of the fundamental norms of the European system of human rights protection. The article criticises this decision and shows its negative consequences for the individual right to a fair trial.
In the case, Brzeziński v. Poland, the European Court of Human Rights for the third time addressed the issue of the summary electoral proceedings in the Polish legal system. The last judgement is an excellent opportunity to examine if the provisions of the electoral law concerning these proceedings are well designed and correctly interpreted by the Polish courts. There is no doubt that free elections and freedom of expression together form the bedrock of any democratic system. The two rights are inter-related and operate to reinforce each other. For this reason, it is particularly important in the period preceding an election that opinions and information of all kinds are permitted to circulate freely. On the other hand, national authorities are legitimised to create special proceedings in order to ensure the proper conduct of the electoral campaign by preventing the dissemination of false information. As a consequence, it is possible to verify factual statements contained in the materials pertaining to an electoral campaign. Special proceedings should not apply to the value judgements. If such comments and opinions infringe the candidate’s personal rights, he or she may seek redress under the general rules of protection of individual rights.
The article explains the current state of affairs concerning the freedom of press in Poland
El Estado de Derecho en Polonia. Cuando la pandemia se encuentra con el iliberalismo constitucional
(2020)
The article presents rule of law crisis in Poland provoked by covid-19 pandemic
Electoral Disinformation and Summary Judicial Proceedings: Is the Polish Experience Relevant?
(2021)
In Poland special summary (24-hour) judicial proceedings against electoral disinformation were introduced in 1998. Although it has been successfully used to declare that information disseminated during an electoral campaign is false, it has not attracted much attention and
is generally absent from the current legal scholarship and international reports on electoral disinformation.
Against this backdrop, the post aims to critically analyze the Polish regulatory model con-cerning summary judicial proceedings. The implications of these mechanisms become even more complex when we consider that in mid-2019 the European Court of Human Rights found Poland for the third time in breach of the right to freedom of expression (Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights) for having convicted the applicant in these extraordinary 24 -hour judicial proceedings.