Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht, Staatslehre und Rechtsvergleichung (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Karl-Peter Sommermann)
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Die Debatte über einen Funktionswandel der Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit in Deutschland, die in den vergangenen Jahren im Kontext der Umsetzung der Århus-Konvention geführt wurde, hat die großen Anpassungsleistungen anderer europäischer Staaten zur Verwirklichung eines effektiven Individualrechtsschutzes in den Hintergrund treten lassen. Angesichts wachsender Anforderungen an die gerichtliche Kontrolle bei hochkomplexen Sachfragen und schwierig zu erfassender Interessenvielfalt gewinnen zudem neue Formen der Konfliktlösung und Über-legungen zu einer veränderten Rollenverteilung zwischen Verwaltung und Verwaltungsge-richtsbarkeit weiter an Bedeutung. Im Kontext der europaweiten Ansätze zur Entwicklung von „E-Justice“ intensiviert sich die Debatte, inwieweit die Digitalisierung zur Funktionsfähig-keit des Verwaltungsrechtsschutzes und zu einer Steigerung der Verfahrensrationalität beitragen kann.
The purpose of this article is the general vision of judicial independence in the EU and its defence mechanisms. The article analyses the ways of the protection of this principle, as well as its development and substantial content in the context of the recent CJEU jurisprudence on the status of the judiciary in Poland. The first part of the article explains the techniques (of a political and legal nature) to guarantee judicial independence in the EU. The objective is to demonstrate how the procedure based on the Article 7 TEU, as well as the preliminary rulings (Article 267 TFEU) and infringement procedures (Article 258 TFEU) increment the enforceability of judicial independence. In the second part the article develops the concept of judicial independence and the detailed guarantees in this field, including rules for judicial appointments, the retirement regime, disciplinary responsibility and remuneration.
In the case, Brzeziński v. Poland, the European Court of Human Rights for the third time addressed the issue of the summary electoral proceedings in the Polish legal system. The last judgement is an excellent opportunity to examine if the provisions of the electoral law concerning these proceedings are well designed and correctly interpreted by the Polish courts. There is no doubt that free elections and freedom of expression together form the bedrock of any democratic system. The two rights are inter-related and operate to reinforce each other. For this reason, it is particularly important in the period preceding an election that opinions and information of all kinds are permitted to circulate freely. On the other hand, national authorities are legitimised to create special proceedings in order to ensure the proper conduct of the electoral campaign by preventing the dissemination of false information. As a consequence, it is possible to verify factual statements contained in the materials pertaining to an electoral campaign. Special proceedings should not apply to the value judgements. If such comments and opinions infringe the candidate’s personal rights, he or she may seek redress under the general rules of protection of individual rights.
The article presents legal (constitutional) aspects of the emergency situation concerning the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic.
In the judgment of 24 June 2019, Commission v. Poland (Independence of the Supreme Court), C-619/18, EU:C:2019:531, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled on the retirement of Polish Supreme Court judges, declaring that the mechanism of arbitrary lowering the retirement age was not compatible with the European Union law. This commentary analyses the latest changes in the Polish judicial system and the CJEU's arguments. The study is focused in the change in European case-law and the development of instruments available to the EU institutions for monitoring judicial independence. The paper discusses also the elements of the judicial independence indicated by CJEU and the rules on the retirement of judges.