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Public Administration and the Transformation of Civil Service: A Comparative (Law) Perspective
(2024)
The articles published in this special issue of CERIDAP are a revised version of papers presen-ted at the "Public Administration in the New Millennium" conference, which took place on December 15 and 16, 2022, at the University of Milan. The conference was held to celebrate the third anniversary of CERIDAP, the Research Centre and Scientific Journal.
The last session of the CERIDAP conference took place on December 16, was held in English only, and focused on conducting a comparative analysis of the transformation of the public sector in a group of European countries (Norway, Italy, France, Poland, Germany, Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom), aligning with CERIDAP's international and pro-European objectives. This special issue comprises the majority (but not all) of the contributions that were presented in a preliminary form during that panel of the conference.
The contributions published in this special issue emphasise very clearly how, despite the adherence to rules, institutions, and diverse national administrative cultures, the challenges posed by cross-fertilisation processes resulting from European integration and the increa-singly influential role of the Court of Justice and the EDU Court are significant. By examining the impact of European law and the subsequent process of approximation and even "homo-genization," the contributions shed light on a fundamental paradigm shift in the public sector. This shift undermines longstanding traditions that were once considered indisputable prerogatives of public administration, such as employment stability and other privileges.
This special edition of CERIDAP Journal aims to stimulate discussions on a complex and relatively understudied subject from a comparative and EU law perspective. It recognises the crucial role played by human resources within a public administration that aspires to remain modern, efficient, and competitive on the international stage.
Die Datennutzung der öffentlichen Hand hat jüngst einen neuen informations- und wettbe-werbsrechtlichen Ordnungsrahmen erhalten: das Datennutzungsgesetz (DNG). Es ist von dem regulatorischen Anliegen beseelt, die Entwicklung innovativer Produkte und Dienst-leistungen der digitalen Wirtschaft mithilfe staatlicher Daten zu fördern. Eng an die sekundär-rechtlichen Vorgaben der PSI-OD-RL angelehnt, versucht das DNG zwei widerstrebende Grundinteressen auszutarieren: einerseits das Anliegen, den staatlichen Datenschatz zu möglichst günstigen und nicht-diskriminierenden Bedingungen zu nutzen; andererseits das Bedürfnis, die Wahrnehmung öffentlicher Aufgaben hinreichend zu finanzieren. Vor allem kommunale Akteure treibt nun die Sorge um, ihren Datenbestand in Zeiten „klammer Stadtkassen“ nicht mehr monetarisieren zu dürfen. Der Beitrag ergründet, inwieweit ihre Befürchtungen berechtigt sind.
Un bilan de la Charte doit également prendre en compte son interaction avec les autres textes internationaux de protection des droits fondamentaux. La Convention occupe une place centrale à cet égard, car chaque fois que les juges nationaux appliquent le droit de l’Union, ils doivent le faire dans le respect de la Convention. D’où l’importance de la cohérence entre la Convention et la Charte, car in fine, le contrôle du respect des droits fondamentaux dans un cas concret se fait à Strasbourg. Eu égard à cette réalité, le législateur de l’Union a instauré un double contrôle de cohérence entre la Charte et la Convention : le premier, interne à l’Union, s’exerce sur la base de l’article 52(3) de la Charte ; le second, qui le complète, est appelé à s’exercer à travers le contrôle externe par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, prévu par l’article 6(2) TUE. S’agissant du contenu des droits fondamentaux, le contrôle interne de cohérence a bien fonctionné. On ne peut pas en dire autant s’agissant de la méthodologie des droits. Dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’UE, en effet, tout se passe comme si l’article 52(3) de la Charte ne concernait que le contenu des droits, à l’exclusion de leur méthodologie. Aussi cette jurisprudence génère-t-elle des divergences méthodologiques qui conduisent tantôt à des déficits de protection par rapport à la Convention, tantôt à la confusion juridique. Ces défaillances du contrôle interne rendent nécessaire la mise en place du contrôle externe.
The hybrid EPPO structure is operating under a hybrid set of fundamental rights, thus calling into question the well-established principle of the single set of norms applicable throughout criminal proceedings. Moreover, the system is characterized by a distortion of the commonly applied logical link between liability for violations of fundamental rights and control over the actions entailing those violations. EU Member States risk being held accountable under the Convention for actions on behalf of the EPPO which they did not fully control and which were subject to a different corpus of fundamental rights. The EU, for its part, takes the risk of seeing EPPO prosecutions being invalidated by domestic courts applying a Convention protection level which may be higher than the Union level. The only way to minimize the impact of these distortions is for the EU to become a Contracting Party to the Convention, along with its own Member States. This would do away with the ambivalence of the legal framework characterizing the protection of fundamental rights under the EPPO Regulation. It would also contribute to a better implementation of the principles of the rule of law and procedural fairness, advocated by the Regulation itself. Such a move would seem all the more important in light of the fact that if the EPPO proves successful, its competence might be extended in the future to other areas.
La gestione dell’emergenza pandemica in Germania è una sfida che mette alla prova il sistema democratico e federale, rivelandone i punti di forza e di debolezza.
Nel complesso, la risposta tedesca all’emergenza è stata gestita secondo i principi dello Stato di diritto e nel rispetto delle dinamiche del federalismo, con una pari attenzione sia alla prevenzione della diffusione del virus, sia ai danni al sistema economico dovuti alle misure anticontagio, accompagnando da subito le restrizioni a misure di sostegno. Il governo federale ha svolto un ruolo di coordinamento politico, rispettando il riparto delle costituzionale delle competenze legislative e amministrative, che vede i Länder protagonisti della gestione in concreto dell’emergenza sanitaria.
Le pesanti limitazioni dei diritti fondamentali dovute alle misure di contrasto hanno sollevato un acceso dibattito e sono state oggetto di un attento controllo giurisdizionale.
Für die einen sind sie der Katalysator der Wirtschaft 4.0, für die anderen ein Bremsklotz, der Startups am „Erwachsenwerden“ hindert: Regulatorische Sandkastenmodelle. Dieses neue Aufsichtskonzept hat in der Finanzbranche weite Kreise gezogen, nachdem sich die britische Financial Conduct Authority als erste Aufsichtsbehörde im Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum einem ungewöhnlichen Projekt öffnete: 18 Startup-Unternehmen durften unter regulatorisch privilegierten Ausgangsbedingungen Finanzdienstleistungs-Apps auf der Grundlage neuer Technologien entwickeln. Der nachfolgende Beitrag nimmt einen bisher vernachlässigten Aspekt in Augenschein: die subventions- und beihilferechtliche Dimension.
