340 Recht
Refine
Year of publication
- 2021 (16) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (4)
- Part of a Book (3)
- Contribution to online periodical (3)
- Public lecture (3)
- Book (2)
- Contribution to a Periodical (1)
Language
- German (6)
- English (6)
- Other Language (4)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (16)
Keywords
- Dienstrecht (3)
- Europäisierung (3)
- Beamtenrecht (2)
- Exportkontrolle (2)
- Technologie (2)
- Völkerrecht (2)
- export control (2)
- international law (2)
- Academic Freedom, New Challenges (1)
- Academic Freedom, Social and Political Constraints (1)
Digital technologies often have a dual-use nature, which means they can be used for both civil and military purposes. For instance, object recognition software can be used for auto-nomous civil driving or for autonomous targeting within armed drones. Thus, their uncon-trolled proliferation may pose risks to international peace and security. Generally, export controls aim to mitigate these risks while avoiding unreasonable restrictions on global trade and development. The novelty of digital dual-use items and the dynamics of their transfer pose new challenges for the international export control system and raise critical legal questions under international law. Does international law hold export control rules that sufficiently address the broad spectrum of relevant digital dual-use items and their rapid technological advancement? Furthermore, how do these rules treat the digital transfer of such items?
The presentation aims to answer these questions by, first, carving out the relevant inter-national export control rules. Secondly, the application of these rules to the digital dual-use items and their international transfer is analyzed. Finally, to the extent that the applicability is affirmed, the presentation will examine the international export control law’s requirements to the international transfer of digital dual-use items.
For centuries, export control regulations have accompanied the development of new weapon technologies. The revelations of the ‘Pegasus Project’ have put the question of whether and how to regulate the export of the new technology ‘cyberweapons’ in the limelight: Is the current international export control law up to the challenge of sufficiently regulating the proliferation of ‘cyberweapons’ or does it need an update? To answer this question, the blog post will, first, turn to the definition and relevance of ‘cyberweapons’. Secondly, international export control law is introduced as a possible measure to mitigate the risks posed by ‘cyberweapons’ against the backdrop of regulating the use of ‘cyberweapons’ or establishing a moratorium on its trade. Third, the blog post will assess the export of ‘cyberweapons’ in general and the export of Pegasus in particular within the current international export control framework. The current framework seems to touch upon partial aspects of the trade with ‘cyberweapons’. However, it stands to fear that it is not up to the task of sufficiently curtailing the proliferation of ‘cyberweapons’ and the associated risks, as it especially leaves the underlying problem of the trade with zero-day vulnerabilities untouched.
La crisi legata alla diffusione globale del virus SARS-Covid 19, dopo aver imposto agli Stati europei di impiegare strumenti emergenziali per rispondere alla prima fase della pandemia, sta ora richiedendo l’adozione di riforme amministrative strutturali che possano permettere l’effettiva realizzazione dei progetti contenuti nei Piani Nazionali di Ripresa e Resilienza e finanziati attraverso il Recovery fund europeo.
I sistemi amministrativi nazionali si trovano, quindi, di fronte ad una nuova fase di profondo mutamento nella cornice delineata dalle istituzioni europee e dovranno affrontare nei prossimi anni trasformazioni necessarie per permettere la ripresa del sistema economico.
L’analisi dei diversi Piani di ripresa mostra come i diversi Paesi abbiano previsto interventi e azioni solo in parte simili. In alcuni casi, le riforme previste rappresentano la realizzazione di progetti già in corso, avviati durante il 2020 oppure già in fase di realizzazione. In altri casi, invece, si tratta di riforme del tutto nuove che sono state previste per la prima volta.
Handbuch Onlinezugangsgesetz
(2021)
Das Handbuch arbeitet die Anforderungen und Konsequenzen des Gesetzes zur Verbes-serung des Onlinezugangs zu Verwaltungsleistungen (Onlinezugangsgesetz - OZG) vom 14.08.2017 auf. Das OZG bildet nach den Vorstellungen von Bund und Ländern die entschei-dende rechtliche Grundlage für eine umfassende und weitreichende Digitalisierungs-initiative im Bereich der öffentlichen Verwaltung. Bund und Länder sind auf Basis des OZG verpflichtet, bis zum Jahr 2022 ihre Verwaltungsportale zu einem Portalverbund zu ver-knüpfen und alle rechtlich und tatsächlich geeigneten Dienstleistungen darüber auch online anzubieten. Diese Bestimmungen enthalten große Sprengkraft.
Nach einer Kartierung der rechtlichen Anforderungen und Möglichkeiten im ersten Teil des Buches werden im zweiten Teil die Potenziale und Grenzen der Verwaltungsautomation aus Sicht der Verwaltungsinformatik als dem "Maschinenraum der Verwaltung" aufgezeigt. Im dritten Teil werden die organisatorischen bzw. institutionellen Gestaltungspotenziale näher untersucht. Der vierte Teil widmet sich den neuen Anforderungen an Führung und Ethik im öffentlichen Dienst.
Academic freedom is currently under pressure. The most obvious cases in Europe are those of Hungary and Poland, where the state interferes directly in core academic issues by chan-ging the laws. More generally, research and teaching are at risk in European democracies. Except in Hungary and Poland, this is not only due to political constraints: society itself seems to have lost its trust in science. Scientific results are declared “fake news” and students and lecturers are not allowed to discuss social, gender or integration issues (keyword: “trigger warning”). Such threats to research and teaching curb scientific autonomy directly and indirectly.
Universities in Germany and other countries have recently undergone comprehensive reforms: they are expected to contribute to social development through exchange with external actors. These exchanges are commonly termed “third mission”. In this context knowledge and technology transfer can prove to be particularly critical to academic freedom, because market logic and economically rational behaviour may lead to goals in conflict with the institutional logic of scientific communities.
Is academic freedom threatened? The book examines current challenges to academic freedom in Europe, focusing mainly on Italy and Germany.
The cases discussed demonstrate that research and teaching are under pressure in Euro-pean democracies: in Hungary and Poland due to political constraints, in other countries due to societal expectations. Considering different interrelated aspects, the four parts of the book explore many real and potential threats to universities, scientific institutions and researchers, ranging from the European dimension of freedom of the arts and sciences to comparative analysis of emerging challenges to academic freedom against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. They highlight threats to university autonomy from the economic orientation of university governance, which emphasizes efficiency, competition, and external evaluation, and from new rules concerning trigger warnings, speech restrictions, and ethics commissions.
Detailed study of these complex threats is intended to stimulate scholarly reflection and elicit serious discussion at European and national level. The volume contributes to the search for a new role of universities and scientific institutions and is addressed to academics and political stakeholders.