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Institute
- Lehrstuhl für Sozialrecht und Verwaltungswissenschaft (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Constanze Janda) (1)
- Lehrstuhl für Wirtschaftliche Staatswissenschaften, insbesondere Allgemeine Volkswirtschaftslehre und Finanzwissenschaft (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Gisela Färber) (1)
- Lehrstuhl für vergleichende Verwaltungswissenschaft und Policy-Analyse (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Michael Bauer) (1)
- Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht, insbesondere deutsches und europäisches Verwaltungsrecht (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ulrich Stelkens) (1)
This thesis explores the principles of administrative punishment under the European Con-vention of Human Rights (ECHR). Administrative punishment, for its part, is gaining popularity across European legal systems because it is a flexible, speedy and cost-efficient option. More precisely, it allows public authorities to inflict punishment without having to undergo a judi-cial action. The procedural safeguards that the concerned individual can expect are accor-dingly lower. However, whilst at the national and European Union levels the academic atten-tion grew in line with the gradual expansion of the use of administrative punishment, the same cannot be said regarding the legal framework of the Council of Europe (‘CoE’). Compre-hensive scholarly works on the subject matter are still missing and only a few authors are researching administrative sanctions within this framework more profoundly, i.e., in a cross-cutting manner.
This is regrettable because nowadays, one can speak of a rich and congruent body of admini-strative punishment under the CoE’s law. Not only has the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) admitted administrative sanctions within its remit since the famous Engel case in 1976, but it also interprets all relevant terms found in the letter of ECHR such as ‘criminal charge’, ‘penal procedure’, and ‘penalty’ autonomously and in harmony with one another. Autonomous interpretation of these key terms by using Engel criteria means that administra-tive sanctions can, and often are, put under scrutiny (as long as they bear ‘punitive’ and ‘de-terrent’ hallmarks). All in all, the following normative sources can be said to comprise the ius puniendi administrativus within the legal framework of the CoE: First, Article 6 ECHR, which ensures the procedural protection for administrative sanctioning by enshrining the right to a fair trial and its various components, i.e., by laying down a range of participatory and defence rights, as well as the possibility to have access to judicial review and the presumption of inno-cence. Secondly, Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 to the ECHR, which stipulates ne bis in idem prin-ciple precluding double jeopardy. Thirdly, Article 7 ECHR is essential in giving substantive pro-tection to the subject-matter, and lays down the requirement of legality including regulatory quality, non-retroactive application of administrative sanctions, and no punishment without personal liability. Finally, Recommendation No. R (91) 1 of the Committee of Ministers to the Members States on administrative sanctions of 13 February 1991 as a ‘soft’ yet authoritative legal act creates boundaries for acceptable administrative sanctioning. All of these normative sources form the backbone of the research.
This thesis intends to fill the aforementioned academic gap and contribute to the legal scho-larship. It furthermore aspires to be a useful source for practitioners working within the field of public law who are empowered to regulate on or impose administrative sanctions. For this reason, the following research questions are tackled: What is a sanction? What purposes does it serve in a legal system? What is an administrative sanction in particular? What are its role and idiosyncratic features? What aims does it follow? How can it be differentiated from other types of public admonition, i.e., from criminal law measures? How do the CoE and the ECtHR conceptualize an administrative sanction? What guarantees stipulated by the ECHR are applicable to these sanctions? To what extent do they apply? Are there any limitations? If so, then what are the implications thereof on the individual rights? Is the current level of pro-tection in the field of administrative punishment regarding fundamental rights sufficient?
The thesis has furthermore sought to verify the following hypothesis: “The ECtHR acknowled-ges certain minimum requirements stemming from the ECHR from which the administrative authorities imposing a punitive administrative measure upon the individual, cannot deviate”. The hypothesis was drafted similarly to the wording of Article 6 (3) ECHR, which, together with other paragraphs of this Article, enlists fundamental individual guarantees for (any kind of) punishment (“Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights […]”).
Die Studie analyisiert die Anwendungs- und Nutzungsumstände der Open Data-Plattform GovData, der Plattform für offene Verwaltungsdaten in Deutschland. Die Ergebnisse geben Einblicke in die Nutzergruppen, Zwecke der Nutzung, Herausforderungen im Rahmen der Nutzung und Weiterverwendung, Anforderungen an die offenen Verwaltungsdaten sowie offene Bedarfe hinsichtlich des Datenangebots.
To contribute to the laudable objectives regarding Export Controls the EU – US Trade and Technology Council has set, a multi-disciplinary network of independent experts from research institutes, think tanks, and policy advisory bodies, has joined forces and drafted the following priorities for action.
A further elaboration of the actions recommended below will be performed by the members of this international network in the weeks and months to come, as Working Group 7 of the EU – US Trade and Technology Council will proceed in its work.
Die Literaturstudie bietet einen Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungsstand zum Phäno-men der Gewalt gegen Beschäftigte des öffentlichen Dienstes in Deutschland sowie über Strategien, Maßnahmen und Initiativen zur Gewaltprävention. Dabei werden alle Bereiche des öffentlichen Dienstes betrachtet, zu denen Befunde zur Gewalt gegen Beschäftigte vor-liegen. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf Gewalt, die von Personen außerhalb der öffentlichen Verwal-tung auf Beschäftigte ausgeübt wird. Gewalttätige Übergriffe innerhalb einer Organisation sowie durch Beschäftigte des öffentlichen Dienstes werden nicht betrachtet. Die unter-schiedliche Nutzung des Gewaltbegriffs durch verschiedene Studien erschwert die Vergleich-barkeit der Ergebnisse sowie eine Aussage darüber, wie sich das Ausmaß der Gewalt in den letzten Jahren entwickelt hat.
Das Bundesministerium des Innern und für Heimat hat das Deutsche Forschungsinstitut
für öffentliche Verwaltung (FÖV) mit der Untersuchung des Ausmaßes von Gewalt gegen Beschäftigte des öffentlichen Dienstes beauftragt. Zunächst wurden zentrale Forschungs-arbeiten, Statistiken und weitere Dokumente zum Thema „Gewalt gegen Beschäftigte des öffentlichen Dienstes“ zusammengetragen, ausgewertet und die wesentlichen Erkenntnis-
se in einer Literaturstudie zusammengefasst. Anschließend wurden zwei bundesweite Be-fragungen konzipiert und durchgeführt, die sich zum einen an die Behördenleitungen und zum anderen an die Beschäftigten richteten. Diese Zusammenfassung stellt die zentralen Projektergebnisse dar.
Im Rahmen der Untersuchung wurden bundesweit Behörden und Beschäftigte befragt, um das Ausmaß der Gewalt gegen Beschäftigte des öffentlichen Dienstes in Deutschland abzu-schätzen. Dabei wurde im Rahmen der Behördenbefragung das Ausmaß der gemeldeten Gewalt gegen Beschäftigte erfasst. Der besondere Fokus der Beschäftigtenbefragung lag auf der Erfassung der Dunkelziffer, d. h. der Abweichung zwischen der Anzahl gemeldeter und tatsächlich erlebter gewalttätiger Übergriffe. Zudem wurden die Folgen von Gewalt, die Melde- und Erfassungsmöglichkeiten von Übergriffen in den jeweiligen Behörden sowie Präventions- und Nachsorgemaßnahmen in den Blick genommen.
Der Fokus liegt dabei auf Gewalt, die von Personen außerhalb der öffentlichen Verwaltung auf Beschäftigte ausgeübt wird. Gewalttätige Übergriffe innerhalb einer Organisation sowie durch Beschäftigte des öffentlichen Dienstes werden nicht betrachtet. Die unterschiedliche Nutzung des Gewaltbegriffs durch verschiedene Studien erschwert die Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse sowie eine Aussage darüber, wie sich das Ausmaß der Gewalt in den letzten Jahren entwickelt hat.
Das Bundesministerium des Innern und für Heimat hat das Deutsche Forschungsinstitut für öffentliche Verwaltung mit der Untersuchung des Phänomens von Gewalt gegen Beschäftigte des öffentlichen Dienstes beauftragt, um einen Überblick über das Ausmaß der Gewalt und eine wissenschaftliche Grundlage für die Entwicklung nachhaltiger und differenzierter Strate-gien im Umgang mit dieser Gewalt zu erhalten. Die vorliegende Handreichung stellt auf der Grundlage einer Literaturstudie verschiedene Maßnahmen zur Gewaltprävention vor. Im Fo-kus steht dabei die Bewertung von Nutzen und Aufwand der Maßnahmen durch Behörden-leitungen und Beschäftigte in einer bundesweiten Befragung.
The picture regarding the protection of fundamental rights in Europe today increasingly looks like a patchwork, due to a lack of coordination at different levels. Developments reinforcing that picture include the emergence of different methodologies for the application of funda-mental rights, Constitution-based challenges to European law by national Supreme Courts, codifications of existing case-law and the creation of so-called « hybrid » institutions. The resulting complexity is a challenge for domestic courts, a threat to the confidence of citizens and detrimental to the fundamental rights themselves, their special role and authority being gradually eroded by a general relativism. EU-accession could have an anti-patchwork effect and represent a chance for a general coordination of fundamental rights in Europe. Beyond making the Convention binding upon the EU, it would also have a pan-European (re)structu-ring effect by confirming the Convention as the minimum benchmark providing both the bedrock and the framework for any other national or European fundamental rights as well as for the necessary judicial dialogue on the latter. Good progress has been achieved since the resumption of negotiations for EU-accession, justifying cautious optimism as to the possibility to find adequate solutions to the outstanding issues.
Persons who have been forced to leave their country of origin due of urgent threats to life and limb have a right to protection by their country of residence. This protection necessarily has to include social benefits ensuring an adequate standard of living. This article shows how the social rights of refugees and other forced migrants are regulated in European Union law.
Two different States licensed exports of intrusion tools and related items to a third State. That State then used it to spy on human rights defenders, lawyers, journalists, activists, opposition politicians, and dissidents. While one of the licensing States is a member of the Wassenaar Arrangement, the other is not but had declared to follow it unilaterally. The legal analysis considers the attribution of the relevant acts and omissions by the States and examines possible breaches of international export control law and international human rights law.
In Central Europe, especially in Hungary and Poland, over the last years there are serious problems related to democracy, constitutional balance and the rule of law. In a short time, the illiberal political leaders put into practice an order that calls into question principles that form part of the axiological foundation of the European Union. This article explains why illiberalism has been so successful in this region and which techniques have been used to reinforce the political capture of various state institutions,especially the judiciary. The article also contains a critical analysis of the European Union’s attitude towards Hungarian and Polish illiberalism. The general hypothesis of this study is that Hungary and Poland have gone so far towards constitutional illiberalism, that it is extremely difficult to indicate the simple legal remedies for rapid return of these countries to liberal democracy.
The notion of civil service in Europe: establishing an analytical framework for comparative study
(2022)
The aim of this paper is to create an analytical framework for comparative study (FÖV project “The Transformation of the Civil Service in Europe”). It explores the scope and denotation of the terms “civil service” and “civil servant”. Its main argument is that a comparative legal ana-lysis should distinguish the notions of public service and civil service. Public service concerns a type of professional activity related to the exercise of all public power (legislative, executive and judicial). Civil servants are officials employed by the executive; they have special duties and responsibilities and are often subject to specific requirements. The employment regime is not decisive for the status of civil servant, due to the fact that government officials in Europe are employed both under public or private (labour) law. Nonetheless, they should enjoy stability of employment and exercise their competencies on a regular basis, not ad hoc.
This chapter analyses the impact of the Internet and the shift in communication processes on the States’ obligations emerging from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It claims that the environment created by the Internet is different from the traditional one; that is, it substantially empowers a range of private actors such as social media and other Internet platforms. That is why in the light of the actual development of the ECHR’s standards, both the strict distinction between positive and negative State’s obligations, and an overall prefe-rence for the latter are anachronistic. This chapter claims that it is crucial to keep developing European minimal safeguards in horizontal online relations when human rights violation is a result of a State’s non-compliance with the positive duty. Against this backdrop, this chapter centers around the influence of the Internet on the exercise and protection of selected human rights and the changing nature of communication processes, as well as the game-changing shift caused by the growing power of private actors. It also includes a detailed analysis of the scope and content of positive State’s obligations emerging from the use of the Internet, focusing on substantive obligations (i.e., the legal framework and the allocation of responsibilities), as well as on the issue of the public guarantees for online pluralism and procedural obligations (the duty to provide responses to allegations concerning online ill-treatment inflicted by private individuals).
Administrative justice and the rule of law have often been in tension. However, they have converged over time as the scope of administrative justice and the conceptions of the rule of law have shifted. This chapter starts with the historical connections between administrative justice and the rule of law. It then maps ways in which the rule of law is expressed when ad-ministrative justice is embedded within administrative organization and when it is organized as a system external to the administration. This approach highlights the diversity of technical solutions to recurring questions across three major administrative systems (namely England, France, and the United States). This analysis also leads to highlighting two new challenges for the rule of law: first, how the rule of law responds to various forms of increasing administra-tive repression, and second, how the rule of law responds to globalization at a time when no coherent global administrative justice system exists.
Der Bericht enthält die Ergebnisse der Evaluation des Planungssicherstellungsgesetzes (PlanSiG), die durch das Deutsche Forschungsinstitut für öffentliche Verwaltung im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums des Innern und für Heimat durchgeführt wurde. Ziel der Evaluation war es erstens, einen Eindruck darüber zu gewinnen, inwieweit in der Verfahrenspraxis von den Instrumenten des PlanSiG Gebrauch gemacht wurde. Zweitens sollten die durch die Anwendung der Instrumente entstehenden Auswirkungen auf die Verfahrensbeteiligten untersucht werden. Das dritte Ziel war es, zu prüfen, welche Instrumente sich auch nach Außerkrafttreten des Gesetzes zur Weiterführung eignen und welche Modifikationen ggf. vorzunehmen sind. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte mithilfe eines qualitativen Forschungs-designs. Dabei wurden insgesamt 39 leitfadengestützte Interviews mit Vertreterinnen und Vertretern von Behörden, Vorhabenträgern und Umwelt- und Naturschutzvereinigungen geführt.