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- Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht, Finanz- und Steuerrecht (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Joachim Wieland) (39)
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The article presents the judgment of the Polish Constitutional Court of 10 March 2022
(K 7/21). In this judgment, the Court questioned the constitutionality of the art. 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, one of the fundamental norms of the European system of human rights protection. The article criticises this decision and shows its negative consequences for the individual right to a fair trial.
El Estado de Derecho en Polonia. Cuando la pandemia se encuentra con el iliberalismo constitucional
(2020)
The article presents rule of law crisis in Poland provoked by covid-19 pandemic
Electoral Disinformation and Summary Judicial Proceedings: Is the Polish Experience Relevant?
(2021)
In Poland special summary (24-hour) judicial proceedings against electoral disinformation were introduced in 1998. Although it has been successfully used to declare that information disseminated during an electoral campaign is false, it has not attracted much attention and
is generally absent from the current legal scholarship and international reports on electoral disinformation.
Against this backdrop, the post aims to critically analyze the Polish regulatory model con-cerning summary judicial proceedings. The implications of these mechanisms become even more complex when we consider that in mid-2019 the European Court of Human Rights found Poland for the third time in breach of the right to freedom of expression (Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights) for having convicted the applicant in these extraordinary 24 -hour judicial proceedings.
Es geht um Milliarden
(2011)
Focus on e-voting
(2015)
Herr Lammert, bitte handeln!
(2007)
It has long been a commonplace that the European Union forms a community of law and that the principle of “integration through law” is one of its central characteristics. In view of the growing scope and complexity of Union law, which requires ever new adaptations from the Member States, research on the implementation of Union law, which also works empiri-cally, is gaining considerable importance. An international research project conducted at the German Research Institute for Public Administration was dedicated to the implementation and adaptation strategies of selected EU Member States. It investigated the transposition of organisational and procedural requirements for national administrations as laid down in EU directives related to environmental and energy policy. The investigation focused on various modalities of transposition: minimum transposition (“copy out”), the enactment of provisions that create obligations going beyond the requirements of the Directive (“gold-plating”) and the extension of the rules or principles of the Directive to other fields of law (“spill-over”), either by including a subject area not provided for in the Directive in the scope of application of the transposition provisions (spill-over in the narrow sense) or by fundamentally reforming a legal area on the occasion of the Directive (spill-over in the broad sense). The comparative analysis revealed a low degree of strategic use of transposition modalities. However, there is a growing awareness among Member States that they belong not only to a law community, but also to an implementation community. This is not least due to the mechanisms and procedures of intertwining Union and national action.
The hybrid EPPO structure is operating under a hybrid set of fundamental rights, thus calling into question the well-established principle of the single set of norms applicable throughout criminal proceedings. Moreover, the system is characterized by a distortion of the commonly applied logical link between liability for violations of fundamental rights and control over the actions entailing those violations. EU Member States risk being held accountable under the Convention for actions on behalf of the EPPO which they did not fully control and which were subject to a different corpus of fundamental rights. The EU, for its part, takes the risk of seeing EPPO prosecutions being invalidated by domestic courts applying a Convention protection level which may be higher than the Union level. The only way to minimize the impact of these distortions is for the EU to become a Contracting Party to the Convention, along with its own Member States. This would do away with the ambivalence of the legal framework characterizing the protection of fundamental rights under the EPPO Regulation. It would also contribute to a better implementation of the principles of the rule of law and procedural fairness, advocated by the Regulation itself. Such a move would seem all the more important in light of the fact that if the EPPO proves successful, its competence might be extended in the future to other areas.
The picture regarding the protection of fundamental rights in Europe today increasingly looks like a patchwork, due to a lack of coordination at different levels. Developments reinforcing that picture include the emergence of different methodologies for the application of funda-mental rights, Constitution-based challenges to European law by national Supreme Courts, codifications of existing case-law and the creation of so-called « hybrid » institutions. The resulting complexity is a challenge for domestic courts, a threat to the confidence of citizens and detrimental to the fundamental rights themselves, their special role and authority being gradually eroded by a general relativism. EU-accession could have an anti-patchwork effect and represent a chance for a general coordination of fundamental rights in Europe. Beyond making the Convention binding upon the EU, it would also have a pan-European (re)structu-ring effect by confirming the Convention as the minimum benchmark providing both the bedrock and the framework for any other national or European fundamental rights as well as for the necessary judicial dialogue on the latter. Good progress has been achieved since the resumption of negotiations for EU-accession, justifying cautious optimism as to the possibility to find adequate solutions to the outstanding issues.
The essay examines changes in German law on administrative procedure recently introduced to address the challenge of digitization. This reform was undertaken in the framework of the very complex German legal system, which has federal structure, as well as the so-called “three pillars” of general administrative, financial and social security procedures, and a tradition of homogeneous development. The article also investigates the links between administrative procedural law and the legislation on e-government, as well as the problem of the poor interoperability of the IT systems of the various levels of government (Federation, Länder and Municipalities), that the (federal) law on online access to public services proposes to solve. Finally, the potential and limits of digitization of administrative procedure are examined, distinguishing binding and routine measures (easily automated) from the new frontiers of artificial intelligence.
Die Quellen-TKÜ ist grundrechtsdogmatisch gleichsam ein Sandwichkind zwischen Tele-kommunikationsüberwachung und Online-Durchsuchung. Mit ihrer kleinen Schwester, der Telekommunikationsüberwachung, teilt sie die Eigenschaft, auf die gleichen Kommunika-tionsdaten, nämlich zu übermittelnde Inhalte, zuzugreifen. Mit ihrer großen Schwester, der Online-Durchsuchung hat sie gemeinsam, das gesamte Endgerät zu infiltrieren. Anders als diese darf sie aber nicht das Gesamtsystem ausspähen, sondern ausschließlich „laufende Kommunikation“ überwachen. Wie sich dies technisch gewährleisten lässt, damit die Quellen-TKÜ nicht in eine Online-Durchsuchung umschlägt, präzisieren die Ermächtigungsnormen bislang nur ungenügend. Der Beitrag sucht nach grundrechtsdogmatisch tragfähigen Antworten auf die verfassungsrechtlichen Problemlagen und legt den Finger in offene Wunden der gesetzlichen Regelungen.
Rafał Lemkin (1900-1959): A life-long story of engagement in the development of human rights law
(2023)
This blog post aims to provide a brief overview of the life and work of Rafał Lemkin by ex-ploring his participation in the interwar and post-war international dialogue. It demonstrates a variety of means, including academic activities (research, publications, conferences), as well as diplomacy and personal relationships, which Lemkin used to disseminate his ideas and research. Despite having limited resources and being a refugee for much of his life, Lemkin drew upon his linguistic abilities and showed himself to be an extraordinary “constant negotiator”. His varied work experience, gained in the early stages of his career in Lviv and Warsaw, likely aided him in developing an inclusive perspective on law and human rights that later informed his ground-breaking work on genocide.
Wie kann zukünftig sichergestellt werden, dass Gesetze mit einem digitalen bzw. (teil)automatisierten Verwaltungsvollzugsprozess kompatibel sind? Hierfür muss der Hebel bereits bei der Entwurfsphase von Gesetzen und Verordnungen angesetzt werden. So lautete eine Kernaussage unseres Impulspapiers »Recht Digital«, in dem wir einige der Voraussetzungen dargestellt haben, die für automationstaugliche Rechtsnormen berücksichtigt werden sollten.
Für die einen sind sie der Katalysator der Wirtschaft 4.0, für die anderen ein Bremsklotz, der Startups am „Erwachsenwerden“ hindert: Regulatorische Sandkastenmodelle. Dieses neue Aufsichtskonzept hat in der Finanzbranche weite Kreise gezogen, nachdem sich die britische Financial Conduct Authority als erste Aufsichtsbehörde im Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum einem ungewöhnlichen Projekt öffnete: 18 Startup-Unternehmen durften unter regulatorisch privilegierten Ausgangsbedingungen Finanzdienstleistungs-Apps auf der Grundlage neuer Technologien entwickeln. Der nachfolgende Beitrag nimmt einen bisher vernachlässigten Aspekt in Augenschein: die subventions- und beihilferechtliche Dimension.
Two different States licensed exports of intrusion tools and related items to a third State. That State then used it to spy on human rights defenders, lawyers, journalists, activists, opposition politicians, and dissidents. While one of the licensing States is a member of the Wassenaar Arrangement, the other is not but had declared to follow it unilaterally. The legal analysis considers the attribution of the relevant acts and omissions by the States and examines possible breaches of international export control law and international human rights law.
Whether sovereign rights under the Convention on the Continental Shelf and the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone were conferred on the nation state or the nation’s constituent states.
Whether the states of a federation had international personality, or only the federation itself.