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Two different States licensed exports of intrusion tools and related items to a third State. That State then used it to spy on human rights defenders, lawyers, journalists, activists, opposition politicians, and dissidents. While one of the licensing States is a member of the Wassenaar Arrangement, the other is not but had declared to follow it unilaterally. The legal analysis considers the attribution of the relevant acts and omissions by the States and examines possible breaches of international export control law and international human rights law.
For centuries, export control regulations have accompanied the development of new weapon technologies. The revelations of the ‘Pegasus Project’ have put the question of whether and how to regulate the export of the new technology ‘cyberweapons’ in the limelight: Is the current international export control law up to the challenge of sufficiently regulating the proliferation of ‘cyberweapons’ or does it need an update? To answer this question, the blog post will, first, turn to the definition and relevance of ‘cyberweapons’. Secondly, international export control law is introduced as a possible measure to mitigate the risks posed by ‘cyberweapons’ against the backdrop of regulating the use of ‘cyberweapons’ or establishing a moratorium on its trade. Third, the blog post will assess the export of ‘cyberweapons’ in general and the export of Pegasus in particular within the current international export control framework. The current framework seems to touch upon partial aspects of the trade with ‘cyberweapons’. However, it stands to fear that it is not up to the task of sufficiently curtailing the proliferation of ‘cyberweapons’ and the associated risks, as it especially leaves the underlying problem of the trade with zero-day vulnerabilities untouched.
Ehrensold von Merkels Gnaden
(2012)
Wulffs 200.000-Euro-Frage
(2012)
„Schon die bloße Möglichkeit der direkten Demokratie entfaltet ihre Wirkung“, sagt der renommierte Verwaltungswissenschaftler Prof. Dr. Hans Herbert von Arnim und nennt es "fleet in being". Beim Stadt-Dialog „Spannungsfeld Bürgerbeteiligung“ am 12. Juni in Frankfurt am Main bescheinigte von Arnim der Politik kein gutes Zeugnis. Sie habe sich in den letzten Jahren „die ganze Hand genommen“ und sei primär um den Machterhalt bemüht. Doch gebe es bei den Menschen ein neues demokratisches Selbstwertgefühl. Und genau dieses neue Selbstwertgefühl erklärt er nun genauer in INSIGHT.